Voice in Writing Again: Embracing Contraries

Voice in Writing Again: Embracing Contraries

1.       Summary:

In the article “Voice in Writing Again: Embrace Contraries” by Peter Elbow the focus is talking about voice. Peter Elbow opens up talking about the Greek’s, philosophers and famous authors and their opinions on voice. Peter argues that voice is hard to keep from writing that intuitively and unconsciously we apply voice to our writing when we feel a relation or passion towards it. He talks about how many try to use the either/or method when discussing voice, that they accept one theory and discredit the other. Peter argues to instead make a compromise and have a both/and theory in which we must look at a piece of writing through one lens and then through another. Also that we must look at it through text which means to highlight the visual and spatial features of print. Along with that we should look through the lens of voice which highlights the language uses and how words differ based on who says them and how. He argues voice can help with effective writing in carrying meaning and purpose and that it can also help students become better writers and make better revision by hearing voice and using it in words. He then discusses how only looking at text usually makes the writing better because when students learn to read without voice they have to fully understand words and phrases. Also that it can teach students to separate language and voice and see effective writing and techniques beside pervasion.

2.       Synthesis:

This article relates a lot to Berger in the ideas and attempts to get students to better understand and use certain techniques when going about their work. These pieces are talking about two completely different things, Peters is about writing and reading and Berger is about photographs but they both focus on how you look at these pieces and the process at which to do it. Peter and Berger talk about how you need to look for the identity in the piece, why the author made this and what they are trying to say. Also they both talk about how small key features tell more than most of the entire piece like when Peter talks about how you can see where the author put their voice in a paper by comparing sections and how they are written. Then Berger argues about the ways at which women are posed or what the setting in the background looks like. IN these two article both authors talk about in their own way looking at different works through a lens and identifying the key features or things that speak from it.

1.       Before You Read:

When I am creating a profile for Facebook I tend to keep it as close to whom I truly am as possible. I am a very honest person so I try to describe myself to the fullest with my qualities, the things I enjoy, my hobbies, things I’m involved in and just overall background. I am almost smart about putting information about myself out so I choose to be smart and limit the things I say. I also leave out revealing information like my address or phone number. I think it’s important to be true to you but it’s also very important to be smart and safe.

2.       Before You Read:

I think that having the chance and ability to use I in a paper is a very good opportunity. This allows you to put feeling, emphases and personality into the paper. Also this can allow for more in depth thought in the paper because you don’t have watch how you describe things or place your information in the paper. Another thing is it allows you to put creative thought in your piece and not have to worry about placing bias and also you don’t really having any limitations or restrictions on what you can say.

1.       Journaling and Discussing:

I think that voice is a way in which to put yourself or your own identity into writing. This is to say that you describe and place your own side, meaning and feeling on the topic or issue being discussed or written about.  There are many other definitions that you can see about voice whether it is your literal voice or discussing or saying an opinion out loud. This is all well in comparison to what Elbow says because he talks about how voice is what the text says or how it talks to you.

1.       Applying and Exploring:

Sincerity- this is truthful writing or writing that is honest and believable by the audience or reader.

Resonance- this is writing that is added to the regular format in order to add excitement or power.

1.       Connecting the Reading:

I think that this connects the matter that your voice will inherently come out in the paper whether you realize it or not. The way you write a paper and the information you use is just a factor of your voice and how you choose to use it within the lines. They both speak on how it is rhetorical and is a quality of your writing; that it will appear visually and especially vocally.

3.       Article Evaluation:

I think that this article was a little on the dry side and at times was hard to understand because of the different vocabulary. The article was also complicated because of the analogies used and I think it was poorly developed for reader understanding. Although I think all of this Peter made strong arguments about writing and reading and how you should go about it. I think that his way of reading through the two different lens (texts, voice) is very logical and an extremely effective way of reading and understanding a piece and the author who wrote it. Also how he attempts to compromise analysis and going about writing with or without voice as both/and process instead of accepting and booting another. Overall I think the piece was ok but the message was strong and is very useful especially sense I am writing my construct on voice or identity in an academic paper.

ROW: Allen, WAW: Ch. 1 intro, Berkenkotter & Murray

The Inspired Writer vs. The Real Writer and Text/Constructs: How do readers read and writers write?

1.       Summary:

This article is by Sarah Allen and she attempts to argue that nobody is a perfect writer. She talks on how everybody has to struggle with writing and what to talk about or how to explain something. That even her, a writing teacher gets a writer block or often finds herself not wanting to write a paper or report. Sarah feels that everyone struggles with writing an everyone can be pained by it as well but that’s not what matters. The concept is that you have to keep going and searching for ways to develop and improve your piece. That nobody is gifted at writing a paper real quick and mastering it all in one draft. That you have to take time develop a structure and that you have to keep communicating. That’s the goal that’s the idea, you must keep practicing and using writing or communication in whatever you do to develop and to grow. She talks and argues how everyone is scared of their piece or that it will fail but you have to know and understand everyone is like that and that’s why you must work at it constantly. Then the second article is more of an opening description of what is to be done and covered in the next chapter. This covers projected things to happen as well as it covers the concept of construct. It explains and gives examples of what these are and which ones will be brought up later in the chapter.  

“Decisions and Revisions” and “Response of a laboratory Rat-or, Being Protocoled”

2.       Summary:

In this first article by Carol Berkenkotter we find the author talking about an experiment that she and Mr. Murray decided to perform under naturalist terms. This experiment is being used to conduct and observe how a writer such as Mr.Murray goes about writing and performing certain writing task. The article argues that he has a distinct process he uses in order to get papers done but also depending on what he is writing about or for he will change his area of focus. She also sees and discovers that Mr.Murray at points uses a process called reconceiving where he uses other author’s opinions and ideas on his own material in order to improve it and eliminate all error. Another is how he talks about writers and when they use internal revision which is doing so by self and when external revision occurs because of and for the audience. Then she precedes to mention planning and incubation and how they are important a work together revising a paper. First in planning what needs changed for fixed to format with the others then using incubation to come to and revise astoundingly there writing piece. Then she argues how Murray used introspective revision to fix and revise his piece and title. That this is the process of using breaks in order to think deep and get a chance to escape form compressing your piece. The piece also spoke on or went in depth of the process of his revision at all levels from planning to drafting. In Mr. Murray’s response he talks about all the things that this research project has shown him about himself and about writers. He argues writing is a intellectual process and that it is not separate from thinking just because you don’t sit there and do it out loud. He and the researcher agree that introspective research was great for allowing new ideas to generate as well as how import and affective conditions can be on research. He also argues for is fear that writers use other writers or common processes to much and often fall into a rhythm and lose the ability to branch off and explore further in research and rhetorical heuristic writing.

3.       Synthesis:

I think this article and Sarah Allen’s article are very similar they both argue for the concept that writers make mistakes and need help. Also that they can’t always do it by themselves or perfect on the first time they argue for revision and for the help and opinions of others whom they respect and trust. Another idea they both speak on is ho no author is perfect that everyone has to revise and edit that you can’t ever discover or use a perfect formula to write. Writing is a form of communication and is ever changing Sarah Allen would argue as in this piece they talk about how Mr. Murray found himself stuck and in trouble using the same process over time and caught up with him in one of his writing assignments to complete. They both mention how space away and to think can often help bring up and discover someone’s best work, but overall they both argue for the continuous revision and in depth methods of so in order to get better and create a better paper.

1.       Questions and Analyzing:

I think the way Murray went about his revisions and writing in general was very effective and professional compared to mine. Murray spent a lot of time brainstorming and review recently written work. Also he was always using his peers to branch off new ideas and concepts or to fix errors or faults in his writings. I often only found myself review the whole draft once and allowing a single peer review before I would turn my work in. I do many things differently to such that I don’t use breaks in or to develop new and better ideas or I don’t tend to think to myself or out loud to work up an idea.

2.       Berkenkotter used this research and discovered that there is no single method of revision and planning. Berkenkotter argues that you can never narrow it down or categorize it to a single system and so forth. The author argues that planning and revising is a long process of creating and eliminating new ideas and concepts as well as the constant editing of sentences and structure. That in using different methods and different peers you can learn to write in many different methods and create a more diverse and original piece instead of repeating your past methods.

1.       Applying and Exploring:

I think that when I write I spend almost all my time on brainstorming an idea and concept I think will work best for my piece. I then go about writing and making my paper and after I continue to revise the things I’m saying and how I choose to say them. I have never been beginning on editing my work for simple structure and grammatical mistakes but I have never been good at grammar or noticing it either way. This has definitely been a big flaw of mine and I think it effects how much time I spend on certain parts of the paper all the time. I always find myself revising sentences to sound a specific way or fixing them to make a powerful statement or quote. I look to revision and brainstorming to do all my best work because I lack the effort and ability to edit and rewrite my work. I think that we subconsciously go about our writing like this because we find areas where we do our best or where we are most comfortable and we stick to them. Writers tend to follow their best ways but eventually get stuck there or use other writers to advance their paper instead of brainstorming and working new ideas and processes yourself.

1.       Meta Moment:

I think that after this reading I will go about my writing differently and I will try and use introspection in order to branch off my work and make better papers or concepts overall for my paper. The use of this and peer revision I think will really help me in writing a better paper because I always rely on myself and my original idea instead of challenging for more or something new and different.

1.       Article Evaluation:

I think that all of these article can be of use because of all the information and enlightenment provided on revisitng and revising your papers. All these articles really harp on using your writing ability to generate and create ideas, concepts or just overall papers from new and different methods. That also you shouldn’t limit yourself to a single process or step by step method for competition that changing it up often leads to new and original work that diversifies the world of writing. Also the articles have motivated me and helped me understand that I am not alone in struggling with writing a paper and then after doing so struggling to edit and revise it to a completed form. This is because of my lack of attention to all important areas of the process and the fact that over time I began to rely to much on the things that I could do best. I now will use my peers to edit my work further grammatically and structurally as well as the further my concepts and develop different opinions on the work and how it is presented. I don’t think any of these articles were interesting to read or super enlightening but I got a lot of information and tips I think will help improve and develop my writing into much more effective work. These articles were dry and lacked fun and drawing examples like those of some of our past reading assignments but these were just as relevant and important in the process.

Berger Reading Assignment

Berger Reading Assignment

1.       Before you read:

If I was going to draw a picture of a woman I would draw her facing the eye of the beholder or gazing off into the distance as if in deep thought. I choose to draw her facing this way because without showing some portion of her face you lose a lot of the meaning and purpose of the picture. Almost all communication is non-verbal so if you eliminate the chance for facial expression, or any visuals from her then you eliminate almost any chance of purpose or meaning in the picture. Also I would choose to put her in a scene of simplicity in order to make it feel real and like your there. The scene would be anything like a café or walking on a board walk in order to show the realism in the photo as well as allow her beauty to standout compared to everything else in the image. I would have her with clothes on because beauty isn’t all about a woman’s body. Another reason is in our day and age it can be offensive and rude to make such a picture so I would choose to use clothing in order to really focus on her face and its beauty while prevent any offense.

In the photo above it is a picture the actor Sean Connery and it appears he is in deep thought. This photo is a very dark mysterious one that can speak to you in many ways depending on your mood. When I say this I mean if you were mad or upset he might appear remorseful and at the brink of tears. Another example is if your happy or excited this may appear he is extremely thankful or in deep prayer. Male celebrities are often depicted in a way of professionalism and mystery which in a way is powerful and attractive to some women.

               

The photo above of the women is a very different style of photography not only from the one above but also just overall compared to male photos. There are male celebrities that take photos with little clothing or coverage if you will in order to be attractive but most will be professional. In this day and age the males are often depicted in suits or casual clothes when modeling because men are still looked at as the people with power, mystery and adventure. The difference as you can see in this photo is that women are depicted to be almost always sexual or posing for attraction. For instance in this photo she is wearing a casual dress but they turn It into a sex image when it is falling short on her leg and showing a lot of skin. Male and female celebrities model the same way a lot but women are sadly always being setup and used in images as a sex symbol instead of a symbol of professionalism or virtue.

2.       Summary

This article by John Berger is set on the definition and difference between men and women and how they are depicted. John talks about how mean are shown as powerful, strong, professional and better than women. He also speaks and argues how women have been depicted ever sense the beginning as a form of sexuality. He talks about the two forms women have often been depicted as which are either nude or naked. John argues that a naked photo, painting or drawing of a woman is a way of expressing her beauty and unconditional love for this person or through two people where as naked paintings and so on are a form of prostitution. He says that these are used as sexuality or a image of sex for men to observe and use to help remind them of their superiority. John talks about how ever sense the story of Adam and Eve men have been seen as the righteous and strong where women are seen as sinful, degrading or just an image. He explains how men simply observe or watch women and women are always watching themselves or watching other people watch them. Women have been affected by these paintings and forms of art all the way up to this day and age as you can see women always wondering if they look good, if their clothes match or if they are the ideal image of beauty. John feels that women were lowered to a symbol of sex and still are to this day while men have no problems or have to think of themselves as an image.

3.       Synthesis

This article is very similar to McCloud’s article about icons, symbols and the images we perceive. In both articles the authors talk about how these simple art forms from our past can have so much effect on our present. They talk about how different things or people can be an icon for something or just a visual of their subject of representation. John Berger talks about how women are an icon for sexuality and overall an image of sex. McCloud talks about how subjects are further depicted by imagery such as women representing sex. Also McCloud explains how these past simple forms although may be cartoons and comics it’s similar to John Berger and women representing sex. John is using McCloud’s argument to say how we identify women and covers to magazines as symbols for sexuality and what our day’s beauty while men still are seen for power and solitude.

1.       Questioning and Discussing:

I think that this was just how the paintings were done in that time period. People often kept with what was the norm or accepted and this was what women meant and stood for back then. They probably didn’t understand how women were truly being seen and affected by this but they knew how they wanted the image to look in order to send a specific message. I think that Berger would agree to an extent I think he feels that we all have almost accepted these images and symbols for what they are cause it is how they have always been done. Although I fell Berger thinks that it was more of specific purpose and the artist used or made it a certain way because that’s how women were supposed to be and appear and no way otherwise.

2.       Questioning and Discussing:

When I see images of girls in our present time on a pop culture magazine or even just on TV they are still depicted all the time as a symbol for sex. Women are always wearing little or no clothing and are posing and expressing sexuality through body language and facial expressions.  This is nothing like the nudes from back then because we are a society that has come to see sex as a hobby or source for money now and have lost morals and ideals of true art or showing love and passion for someone. Today we focus on sex and sex alone in our images but I think that our society has made efforts to change or lower the identification of women and models as sex symbols. I think we have done this by using censorship and there are images or times where you see a woman for something more like maybe smiling and posing with a family.

1.       Applying and Exploring:

I think that men are becoming more of a symbol of sex and beauty as women are it may not be high right now but I feel as though it is progressing. I say this because I see underwear modeling and bodybuilding and all these images of men who attempt to have the absolute perfect body. I think there is a generation gap between now and what Berger is talking about because men are becoming sex symbols although the majority is still symbols of professionalism and a provider. Men are still seen as more than sex or an attempt of beauty they are seen or depicted as perfection or a source of good looks, good style, and good body and so on. The generation gap I think is what causes the difference or causes Berger to see things a little differently because it was till a couple decades ago that men have started to be seen posing and representing sex or products of sex and passion.

3.Appyling and Exploring:

I agree with Berger to an extent I don’t think it is all about how she is positioned her body or which way she is facing but more so how the image is taken of her. I mean that is it a close up or is It far away? Is the image of her dressed and smiling or of her in underwear biting her lips? The way the image is taken and the way at which they are expressing themselves non-verbally is all that makes up what the image is or is trying to portray. Berger is right but he has it narrowed to body positioning and in my opinion especially through what our society depicts today it is so much more than that. Also like I said about what she is wearing or even where she is in the image affects how we see them or the message they send to us. The entire image has to be accounted for when trying to see and understand what message or idea is being conveyed.

3.       Article Evaluation:

I think that this article had some very good points and was very similar to McCloud’s. This article talked and used a lot of the concepts and principles he talked about but in more depth. I learned quite a bit through reading this especially on how women became the image they did and how and why they were depicted In center ways in the past. Berger also allowed me to think more in depth about imagery and its meanings and effects it has on us today and or society. I didn’t care for how it was written or some of the vocabulary it used as it was confusing at times and was very hard to stick with and try to relate. I think what was good though was the fact it used actual pictures and how artist depicted women in them and why this really helped me understand the concept artist had about women back then. I overall agree with this article as even still today women worry so much on their mask or outer image instead of what’s inside and not always because they want to but because that’s what society tells them and makes them think for their whole lives.

Vocabulary of Comics

McCloud Reading Assignment

1.       Before you read:

    My favorite cartoon when I was younger was Ed, Edd and Eddy. I really enjoyed this show because it was about these three best friends who did everything together and where always brainstorming ideas on how to make money or get back at other neighborhood kids. The show was really funny because they all had their own flaws like Ed was tall, goofy, and stupid and always did the dumbest things. Then there was Eddy who was always about making money and was extremely greedy and this greed always seemed to get them in loads of trouble. I think I connect to these characters and the show because me and my neighborhood friends were always running around in the summer making lemonade stands and selling toys, pretty much did whatever we could to make some money and buy candy or the next best action figure. Also we were always being risky little kids and getting in trouble with our parents or with the older kids for messing around with them. I think I really connected to this even though we were completely different or the things they did were extremes it all just reminded me of my life and my friends and all the crazy stuff we did and went through together.

2.       Summary:

In Scott McClouds article “Vocabulary of Comic” Scott speaks a lot on the idea of icons and representation. Scott is trying to convey to his audience which is students and professors both the concept of icons and how they play a big role in our brain. We all process icons and their meanings subconsciously and never truly think about their effect or role they play. He talks about the different types of icons like symbols which represent ideas, beliefs and different concepts. Also there is icons that represent the language of science and communication these are practical or real icons such as letters, words, numbers and so on. Lastly there is the icons that are known as pictures and images which show and represent their specific subject. He argues that we have all these icons but we often separate or linger from the real realm and go towards more simplistic images because it allows us to relate or see ourselves. Scott is saying that we are a selfish breed us humans, which we choose to see ourselves in all icons or to create and find a self-image. He talks about how everything we create or watch we somehow find a way to see ourselves in it. That the more we go towards simplicity and away from realistic representation the more we use this to see ourselves and relate to the image or icon. He believes that as children watching cartoons and using drawings are not just observing they are becoming; as children we use these things for self-identification and awareness and it carries on with us as we grow.

3.       Synthesis:

In this comic or short article McCloud talks about the use of comics and cartoons for children to self-identify. That when we are young we see these simple “icons” and use them to see and find ourselves which in turn takes effect in our lives as we progressively grow older. This relates to Kantz in a very weird way I think that both authors are very open-minded and seem to believe in the effect of things around us whether it’s TV or a magazine. The authors talk about two completely different subjects but the same idea for instance Kantz argues that we are often influenced by what we read and what the book or article tells us. She says that students always read this and take it for what it is instead of questioning or examining the claims of fact and fiction. McCloud is similar to this concept because he argues that we are influenced by these cartoons when were young that these icons have an effect on what we feel or believe. He talks about how we relate to these simple forms such as cartoons because it allows us to have identification and relation to the character which affects our concepts and beliefs as we grow.

1.      Discussion and Journaling:

I think that adults still like the concept of simple cartoons because it’s exactly like what we watched when we were younger. People grow older but these little things or icons that allowed us to relate and identify as a kid subconsciously helped and affected our lives so when we watch cartoons now we subconsciously search for that same chance and feeling of identification. I don’t think there ever is an age at which it’s inappropriate to watch or read comics. There is nothing wrong with them it’s just another form of art and entertainment adults often stop watching it claiming it is for children but there are many adult comic books and adult cartoons such as Family Guy, Furturama, South Park and the list goes on. These cartoons are created for adults to relate to and it’s often a simple and effective way to entertain people while still seeking a purpose whether it is just laughter or political views. I think that McCloud would be very upset with the idea of being too old to watch cartoons or read comics because he himself knows and argues for the idea that they are something we use to fill in the gap. They are there for us to discover or relate to who we are and what we choose to identify with or as.

2.      Discussion and Journaling:

The idea to use a comic book style to argue his point was very clever and effective. I think it really helped drive his point across because as you read on you thought exactly what he said next and it was almost as though he was reading your mind. Also that when he showed examples he would tell you how you saw it or what they meant to you and he was right, it’s pretty wild how he was able to relate to my thoughts and concepts as I read. Also this was very useful because it was a very good article written but also visually. The visuals and just the overall comic book theme drove his points across and allowed the audience to see and understand what he was saying much better. If Scott choose to write it just like an average article I think it would lose all of its effectiveness because many of his examples were visual such as simplify a character to a smiley face. If he just wrote it out there would be no way for the audience to see what he was saying and arguing.

1.      Applying and Exploring:

I think that visual imagery is a very effective way of teaching. This allows students to get more involved and help develop and see the idea or concept discussed a lot better. Teaching with visuals can be a great strategy for many classes and lessons. The use of visuals would be great for explaining and helping students perform math problems. Math students often suffer relating or getting the concept of a word problem when it is just written out but when given a visual example the students have something to relate and identify with so they no longer struggle to think of the concept.

2.      Applying and Exploring:

McCloud argues this because the more real or vivid an image becomes the more we see it for what it is. The difference is when you start to simplify and idea, image or icon you start to relate and see yourself as the character compared to when you see a real image you tend to just see the character for what they are and you just understand. McCloud believes that when the icon becomes simpler you not only understand but you relate and identify. I have related to many real images but it’s only through relation I never feel a connection or self-identification with the image. I have seen many cartoons and have related myself to characters or episodes but when the cartoon becomes simpler I am able to see myself as that person.

4.       Thoughts on the reading:

I thought this was a very fun and interesting article to read. This was a lot more drawing and interesting to me because it had many visuals and allowed me to really see and fully understand his argument and the concepts he was talking about. Also it was a lot shorter and directly to the point compared to the past articles which seemed very long and drawn out. This article is helpful because it allowed me to realize the effectives of comics and cartoons. This article showed me how icons affect us or appear to us subconsciously without even knowing its happening. I was glad we read this I learned a lot and it was actually just a fun article in the way it was presented and the subject he choose to argue about.

Library Tutorial Overview

Friday of this week we went to the computer lab as a class and got the period to research and furhter develope our writing construct and support for it. I thought that this was very helpful getting time to do more research but it wasn't as useful for me because I couldn't find any information on my topic about authorship and how there is no true originality in a research paper. I instead spent the class looking at other ideas and trying to develope a new construct I could effectively support and one that I actually agreed with. I came up with the idea that first person viewpoints and voice in a academic paper is effective. I found a few useful articles about this and I'm happy wiht the information so far due to the limited time we were in there yet alone the limited time I had to develope a new construct and begin researching it. Overall I think this was a good idea for the class and was a great opprotunity to discover valid articles and information thanks to the sites provided through the library tutorial. This tutorial had a couple sites all of which were useful but I think that the Library website itself was the most helpful it gave me quite a few artices on this subject. Also the JSTOR was helpful to. This was a great experience and I am glad i got the chance to see and use the library turtorial or the sites given to research on if you will.

Links:
      http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=4&hid=20&sid=9e9d1f85-05c2-4de2-a4a1-28b56c62ace2%40sessionmgr115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ufh&AN=58787182

http://www.jstor.org/stable/25068062?seq=2&Search=yes&searchText=person&searchText=paper&searchText=useful&searchText=first&searchText=academic&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3Dfirst%2Bperson%2Bin%2Bacademic%2Bpaper%2Bis%2Buseful%26f0%3Dall%26c1%3DAND%26q1%3D%26f1%3Dall%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don%26Search%3DSearch%26sd%3D%26ed%3D%26la%3D%26jo%3D&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=60716&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null

http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200197?&Search=yes&searchText=person&searchText=paper&searchText=useful&searchText=writing&searchText=first&searchText=academic&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2528first%2Bperson%2Bwriting%2Bin%2Bacademic%2Bpaper%2Bis%2Buseful%2529%26gw%3Djtx%26acc%3Don%26prq%3D%2528first%2Bperson%2Bin%2Bacademic%2Bpaper%2Bis%2Buseful%2529%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=2&ttl=33112&returnArticleService=showFullText

Writing About Writing: Kantz

Writing About Writing: Kantz

In the article “Helping Students Use Textual Sources Persuasively” Margaret Kantz attempts to speak out to other teachers and professors about helping there students.  Kantz says that when writing a paper on a subject or a topic that requires research students often just comply with requirements and just write a paper for the grade or with a simple summary. Kantz argues that professors need to teach students how to write with “analytic and rhetorical proficiency”(Kantz,81). This meaning that students need to stop looking at writing papers as summarizing or answering one single question but instead look for gaps in there sources or try to contrive an argument about one of your sources or the topic your writing on. Also that students need to learn to look at pieces as rhetorical readings or a Reality that is being sent or brought up by a encoder and being delivered to a decoder. Kantz wants students to not focus on summarizing but instead analyzing; to look at the pieces and ask question or try to derive the whys, how’s and so what’s? She argues that the best writing is creative writing and that if students just knew how to look at sources differently than just reading what’s being stated they could have infinite possibilities.  Students could create and discover problems or questions with sources or what they are saying and they could give solutions and reasoning to these problems or questions.  In this article Kantz states “A fact is a claim the audience will accept as being true without requiring proof, although they may ask for an explanation. An opinion is a claim that an audience will not accept as true without proof, and which, after the proof is given, the audience may well decide has only a limited truth”(Kantz,76). She is saying that there isn’t ever really facts or opinions there is only claims some of which can be agreed on by everyone therefore making them true. Also with writing a paper Kantz believes that students are thrown into a fire because teachers will just give them the assignment and let them go instead of giving them step by step process to prevent them from being overwhelmed. She wants students to be able to write in a process and multiple drafts in order to help them improve their writing and become proficiently better at rhetorically heuristic reading, analyzing and writing. This article is very similar to Micheal Kleine’s article they both have common elements they believe to create the best pieces. In both articles they talk about how to go about your research how you can both gather and hunt for information and that through doing this you are influenced by the ideas around you. Kantz wants students to look at research with an open mind or an attitude of questioning everything you read or how it reads in a way. In both articles they want students to be more creative in what they choose to write about instead of just simply typing up a summary and expressing whether you agree with information or not. Also they both talk about the failure of professors to help or guide there students in the right direction of rhetorical research. Also in Kantz article she chooses to really express her feelings on facts and opinions. Most people look at the words and say facts are truths and opinions are not necessarily true but what someone feels or values. Kantz expresses that both are actually just claims made by people and the only difference between the two is that facts are claims that can be agreed on by everyone whereas opinions can be situational truths. When I say situational truths I mean that they are true in some situations but not in all. Kantz also talks about arguments are always conducted of the two and it’s actually just a matter of acceptance. Kantz says that students don’t understand how to write in a original way that students often just write in a first point next point pattern. Also she argues that students look at facts and believe them as truths and they never question how the source might be bias or that the fact is manipulated in a certain way to change the way it sounds or is expressed. Another argument she makes is that students choose to look at the paper as a whole instead of going a step by step process and going from there.  Lastly she says that students need to learn to take the research as an opportunity to find a problem and present a solution. I think she is correct with almost all of these statements because speaking from experience I have never really thought about looking at information or facts as claims instead of truths also I have never thought about developing a solution to some problem I would discover from a source.  I think this article with great to read because it really did enlighten me on all these aspects and Kantz explained them all very well. I think my idea of creativity was completely different from Kantz until I read this article in my thought process I always considered creativity in writing a research paper to be just finding a different way of presenting information but through reading this article I now understand you can actually completely change your argument on a research paper by just simply looking for gaps in the writing. I think her understanding is very influential to mine because I have a good ability at writing papers but I often struggle to find what to write about or how to get the paper started. I think in some terms it might not work because she talks about finding gaps in research but you can’t always find gaps there is sometimes papers that are truly factual. Kantz is trying to analyze how students go about their papers nd how they do research. She feels that students lack the ability or intuition sometimes to discover or realize that facts and opinions are both claims that are just made by people and some happen to be agreed upon while others can only be truthful in certain times otherwise just how someone feels on a subject or issue. I think this article is very useful because it opens up so much more paths to take on a paper or even just a single source. Overall I think this was a very interesting article in the way it was presented and also what it talked about. The article was helpful and more interesting than the past ones I feel because she used examples and set up various situations helping to make the understanding a lot easier in my opinion. Also I have never looked at sources the way she described students should I was always that Shirley she talks about in the story. I agree with her claims and I think they will be very helpful in my future when I see and experience research papers.